Chhath Puja, one of the most ancient Hindu festivals, is celebrated primarily in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Nepal. Dedicated to the Sun God (Surya) and Chhathi Maiya, the festival is not just a ritual of faith but also a deeply scientific practice that benefits the human body and mind.
Each element of Chhath Puja — fasting, standing in water, offering prayers during sunrise and sunset, and following strict cleanliness — has a physiological, psychological, and environmental significance.
Let’s explore the science behind this sacred tradition.
1. The Science Behind Sun Worship
Worshipping the Sun (Surya Arghya) during sunrise and sunset is one of the central practices of Chhath Puja.
Scientific Explanation:
- Vitamin D Synthesis:
Morning and evening sunlight contains the optimal UV-B radiation that helps in the natural production of Vitamin D, essential for bone health, immunity, and hormonal balance. - Circadian Rhythm Regulation:
Sun exposure at dawn and dusk helps synchronize the body’s biological clock, improving sleep cycles, digestion, and mental alertness. - Phototherapy for Mind and Mood:
Early sunlight increases serotonin levels — a mood-enhancing hormone — which helps combat depression and anxiety.
Spiritual and Energetic Aspect:
In yogic philosophy, the Sun represents life force (prana). Facing the Sun during these transitional hours is said to harmonize energy channels and purify the mind.
2. Standing in Water: Hydrotherapy for Healing
During Chhath Puja, devotees stand in rivers, ponds, or other water bodies for hours while offering prayers to the setting and rising sun.
Scientific Explanation:
- Hydrostatic Pressure Benefits:
Standing in water up to waist or chest level improves blood circulation by applying gentle pressure on the lower body, reducing swelling and promoting detoxification. - Cooling and Calming Effect:
Immersion in natural water helps regulate body temperature, reduces stress, and promotes relaxation by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. - Skin and Energy Purification:
Natural water bodies (especially flowing rivers) are rich in negative ions, which help neutralize toxins and refresh the skin and respiratory system.
Psychological Impact:
The act of standing motionless in water while focusing on the Sun encourages mindfulness, stillness, and a meditative state — similar to the effects of deep breathing or yoga.
3. The Fasting Ritual: A Powerful Detox
Fasting (Nirjala Vrat) is one of the most intense and disciplined aspects of Chhath Puja. Devotees abstain from food and even water for extended periods — especially on the final days of the ritual.
Scientific Explanation:
- Detoxification & Cellular Repair:
Fasting triggers autophagy, a process where the body breaks down damaged cells and regenerates new ones, improving metabolism and immunity. - Improved Digestive Health:
After days of simple, sattvic meals (like Thekua, fruits, and jaggery-based foods), the digestive system gets a much-needed rest, balancing gut flora and improving digestion. - Enhanced Mental Clarity:
Fasting increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) — which supports focus, memory, and cognitive function.
Emotional and Spiritual Benefits:
The discipline of fasting teaches self-control, patience, and gratitude — aligning body, mind, and soul in devotion.
4. The Cleansing and Purity Rituals
Every aspect of Chhath — from wearing clean clothes and bathing in natural water to preparing prasad in a spotless environment — revolves around shuddhata (purity).
Scientific Explanation:
- Hygiene and Immunity:
The strict cleanliness prevents contamination and foodborne diseases, especially when preparing offerings like Thekua and Kheer. - Aromatherapy & Natural Antiseptics:
Ingredients used in rituals — turmeric, sandalwood, camphor, and incense — are known for their antibacterial and mood-enhancing properties. - Mental Detox:
Clean surroundings reduce sensory clutter and anxiety, promoting focus and serenity during prayers.
5. Environmental Harmony and Ecological Benefits
Chhath Puja emphasizes worship in natural environments — rivers, ponds, and open spaces — symbolizing respect for Panch Tatva (the five elements: earth, water, fire, air, and space).
Scientific Explanation:
- Immersion in nature boosts oxygen intake, lowers cortisol (stress hormone), and enhances emotional well-being.
- The use of biodegradable offerings like fruits, sugarcane, and bamboo baskets promotes eco-friendly practices and sustainable living.
6. Mind-Body Connection: The Psychological Science of Devotion
Beyond physical benefits, Chhath Puja creates a state of collective meditation. The rhythmic chants, synchronized rituals, and shared devotion generate a sense of unity and peace.
Neuroscientific Insight:
Group prayers and repetitive rituals activate the prefrontal cortex, associated with empathy, compassion, and emotional regulation. This explains the serenity many devotees experience during Chhath.
Chhath Puja beautifully bridges spiritual faith and scientific wisdom. Its practices — fasting, water immersion, sun worship, and purity — are holistic forms of physical detox, mental rejuvenation, and emotional healing.
In a time when wellness trends dominate the modern world, Chhath Puja stands as India’s timeless festival of natural healing, teaching balance, discipline, and harmony with nature.
