“Dharti Aba”, meaning “Father of the Earth”, is the affectionate title given to Birsa Munda — the legendary tribal freedom fighter, spiritual reformer, and hero who ignited one of the earliest revolts against British colonial rule.
For millions across Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Bengal, Birsa is not just a historical figure but a symbol of pride, unity, and courage. His teachings continue to guide people toward justice, dignity, and harmony with nature.
Early Life of Birsa Munda
- Born: 15 November 1875
- Place: Ulihatu village, Khunti district, Jharkhand
- Community: Munda tribe
Birsa was born in a simple tribal family surrounded by forests and hills — the heart of nature. His early education came through the German Mission School, where he first encountered Christianity and western education. But soon, he began to question why his people were losing their land, culture, and faith to outsiders.
Even as a young boy, Birsa displayed great wisdom. He often said,
“We must unite and awaken, for our land is our soul. Without land, we are nothing.”
This deep connection between land and identity became the foundation of his movement later in life.
The Ulgulan: Birsa’s Great Revolt
By the late 19th century, the British had taken over vast tribal lands through unfair laws, destroying the traditional Khuntkatti system of community ownership. Adivasis were forced to work for landlords and pay taxes for their own soil.
Birsa saw the suffering of his people and decided to fight back — not just politically but spiritually. Between 1894 and 1900, he led the “Ulgulan”, meaning The Great Tumult or Uprising.
He preached equality, self-rule, and a return to tribal faith and ethics. His message was simple yet revolutionary:
“Abua raj seter jana, abua disum seter jana.”
(“Let our kingdom and our land be ours again!”)
His words united thousands across Chotanagpur. He urged them to reclaim their pride, resist exploitation, and live with honesty and courage. Birsa taught:
“Do not fear the white men’s guns; the power of truth and unity is greater.”
Birsa’s Spiritual and Social Vision
Birsa Munda’s rebellion was as much about the soul of his people as it was about their land. He wanted to cleanse his society of evils like alcoholism, superstition, and division — teaching his followers to live with purity and discipline.
He declared himself a messenger of God (Dharti Abba), urging people to pray directly to Singbonga, the Supreme Spirit.
“There is only one god — Singbonga. Worship him and live truthfully.”
He promoted equality and compassion, saying:
“We are all children of the Earth. No one is higher or lower.”
This message united tribal communities across religions and regions, creating a wave of self-awareness that shook colonial and feudal powers.
Arrest and Martyrdom
The growing popularity of Birsa’s message alarmed the British. In early 1900, he was arrested and imprisoned in Ranchi Jail. Even behind bars, his words continued to inspire thousands.
On 9 June 1900, at just 25 years old, Birsa Munda passed away under mysterious circumstances. Many believe he was tortured to death.
His followers mourned but also immortalized him as “Dharti Aba” — the Father of the Earth, the protector who gave his life for their land and freedom.
Why Birsa Munda Is Called Dharti Aba
The title Dharti Aba was given to Birsa because his fight was not for power but for the earth itself — for the soil that sustains life.
To his people, Birsa became more than a leader; he became a divine protector who defended the dignity of the land. They believed he was sent by the divine forces of nature to save them from injustice and destruction.
“The Earth is our mother. Destroy her, and we destroy ourselves.”
Even today, this message resonates deeply in Jharkhand, where nature, forest, and faith are intertwined.
Legacy and Impact
Birsa Munda’s sacrifice left a permanent mark on India’s history and the soul of Jharkhand:
- His Ulgulan movement became a symbol of tribal assertion and unity.
- His struggle led to reforms in land ownership laws, protecting tribal land rights.
- Several institutions bear his name — Birsa Institute of Technology, Birsa Agricultural University, Birsa Zoological Park, and Birsa Munda Airport, among others.
- In 2021, India declared 15 November as “Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas” to honor Birsa Munda and all tribal freedom fighters.
Birsa’s image stands tall in every Jharkhand village — a symbol of resistance and pride.
Relevance of Dharti Aba Today
Even over a century later, Dharti Aba’s vision remains alive. His teachings echo through modern movements for:
- Environmental protection – safeguarding forests, rivers, and the land.
- Tribal rights and dignity – ensuring development without displacement.
- Equality and education – empowering marginalized communities.
- Cultural revival – preserving indigenous traditions, songs, and dances.
His timeless quote reminds us:
“Do not let anyone take your land. It is your life, your identity, your god.”
In His Own People’s Words
For the people of Jharkhand, Dharti Aba is not just remembered — he is worshipped. His teachings are sung in folk songs, whispered in prayers, and painted in murals across the state.
“Dharti Aba humra gaon mein zinda hain — pedon, patton aur mitti ke saath.”
“Dharti Aba lives in our villages — in the trees, leaves, and soil.”
Quick Summary
| Aspect | Details |
| Real Name | Birsa Munda |
| Birth | 15 November 1875, Ulihatu (Jharkhand) |
| Tribe | Munda |
| Major Movement | Ulgulan (Munda Rebellion, 1894–1900) |
| Ideals | Freedom, land rights, unity, spiritual purity |
| Death | 9 June 1900, Ranchi Jail |
| Title | Dharti Aba – Father of the Earth |
| Legacy | Inspiration for Jharkhand’s formation; icon of tribal pride and resilience |
Conclusion
Dharti Aba Birsa Munda continues to live in the soil and spirit of Jharkhand. His words, courage, and vision remain a guiding light for millions who believe that the land and its people are sacred.
Every Jharkhand Sthapna Diwas and Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas is a celebration of his dream — a world where every human being lives with freedom, dignity, and harmony with nature.
“Fight for truth. Live for your land. Die for justice — and you will never be forgotten.”
— Dharti Aba, Birsa Munda
